Historic and Current Agricultural Practices

Brief Historical Context

Most of Iowa's prairies are a result of glaciation estimated at 12,000 years ago. This resulted in a fairly large portion of Iowa being inundated by standing water. This led to a high water table and rivers accustomed to having a wide-berth flood plain. In fact, approximately 6 million acres of agricultural cropland in Iowa where excess water can limit agricultural and therefore economic productivity (Hofstrand, 2010). While the result of this was rich fertile soil, high water was not conducive for agricultural cropland, at least not successful cropland anyway. Counties throughout the state began to develop methods of draining and diverting the water to access the rich soils; in comes tiling.

Tiling

Historical agricultural practices known as 'tiling' have resulted in often channelized water diversion systems beneath crop fields reducing the amount of standing water in the water table. The two images below show examples of how tiling affects the water table.

         

For farmers, pooled surface water and elevated (natural) high water levels within the water table decrease crop success and yield. Tiling enabled them to effectively lower the water table, reducing the amount of water in the soil, allowing them to take advantage of the fertile soils. Tiling, however, also increases the rate in which nitrates are filtered from livestock lands and fertilizers and flow into larger creeks, eventually ending up in the Gulf of Mexico. In the video below, you will hear that one of the watersheds in Iowa (Raccoon River) has possible the highest nitrate content in North America solely due to tiling practices.

While tiling may not be ideal from a conservationist's perspective as it relates to natural water flow, storm water mitigation strategies and assessing flood risk, agricultural crop yields are an important part of our country's economy and well as individual livelihood. It is of utmost importance to work together to find long-term strategies to essentially retrofit existing tiles underneath agricultural lands as well as provide opportunities for farmers to implement tiling in a water-conscious and environmentally friendly way. On a personal note, I've found within the last year or so as a professional that there are times where you may just want to say, "this isn't the way to do this, you must stop" or "We're not going to do as you want, because it's not beneficial to the natural world". This approach is far from what we need as we can just look to the status of our nation as we continue to have more polarized views. I have found that working together to come up with a solution palatable to both sides (when possible) often yields better results/relationships.

Where do we go from here?

In the PBS video below - Comparison of Two Watersheds - Chris Jones, a Water Quality Research Engineer with the University of Iowa, discusses issues with nitrate and phosphorous levels in the Raccoon River Watershed in Iowa. State and federal funding are in the works to mitigate nitrate levels within the watershed. 

The Iowa Nutrient Reduction Strategy was developed in 2012 in response to the Mississippi River/Gulf of Mexico Watershed Nutrient Task Force (est. 1997) attempting to reduce nutrient loads in the Gulf of Mexico. In their 2008 Action Plan, they requested each of the 12 states along the Mississippi to develop a nutrient reduction strategy. The Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship, Iowa State University and the Iowa Department of Natural Resources worked together to develop this strategy. In November of 2012, the first Iowa Nutrient Reduction Strategy was drafted and has had four revisions since (2013, 2014, 2016, 2017). The goal of the INRS is to reduce the combined nutrient load of Nitrogen and Phosphorous by 45% annually. For more information on nutrient pollution in the Mississippi River Watershed, review this excellent overview online describing the adverse affects the Gulf has faced due to high nutrient level input from the watershed.

In summary, here are the preliminary results:

The 2006-2010 benchmark load serves as a baseline for just before when the Iowa NRS was established.

As I mentioned earlier, farmers do work together with extension agents to develop best management practices on their lands in efforts to reduce nutrient offloads from their tiled lands. . The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) has resources available online addressing nutrient loads, financial assistance, and conservation planning, among others. Under the Nutrient Management page, several options are listed as ways to reduce nitrogen outputs in waterways including reducing fertilizer/pesticide use, using cover crops/no-till methods to reduce erosion (thereby runoff), or implementing Drainage Water Management (DWM) systems. Retrofitting existing tiled lands can be done through DWMs, allowing tiling practice to continue, but reducing the overall output of nitrogen into watersheds. In some cases as reported by NC State University, drainage systems can even increase crop yields by installing DWMs. They conducted a 20-year study yielding a 10.4% increase in corn yield as well as positive yields in soybean fields as well.

I've found two examples of farmers working to reduce their farm's impact on watersheds:

In this article, a farmer in Northern Ankeny has implemented two of the nutrient reduction practices - installing a bioreactor and creating saturated buffers. The bioreactor uses a large container full of wood chips that acts as a filtration system. Water from the tiling system flows through it and microbes on the wood chips utilize the nitrogen from the incoming water, filtering the pollutant out. The saturated buffers divert the water from the tiling system into another tiling system that runs parallel to a vegetated buffer, allowing for smaller amounts of the filtered water to percolate out of the parallel system. The remaining nitrogen is up taken by the vegetation, removing it before it can reach the watershed.

    Installation of a bioreactor. Image Source: Polk SWCD.

  

    Installation of a bioreactor. Image Source: Polk SWCD.

Another family in Northern Polk County also recently implemented a tiling system and a bioreactor on their farmland. For years they have been participating in nutrient mitigation strategies by installing buffer strips along water ways, have taken measures to reduce erosions and have installed grass waterways.

There are many programs in place to help offset the overall cost of implementing these structures on the landscape. In fact, USDA just granted $1 milllion to Iowa for assistance with another program - wetland mitigation banking - that is often unaffordable for agricultural producers.

NRCS has provided a brief PDF document summarizing all of the above. This is a great PR tool to hand out to folks who are unsure of what exactly does Drainage Water Management mean, and how does it affect the producer overall. As stated on their website, reducing the input of materials into the system to begin with (fertilizers/pesticides) is the start, but realistically, moving to the next stage in the system will better reduce the amount of nutrients input into the system and is also a more attainable goal for farmers, while still maximizing their agricultural yield, and in some cases even increasing it.

Sources for this post: 

Hofstrand, D. 2010. Understanding the Economics of Tile Drainage. Iowa State University Extension and Outreach. Available from https://www.extension.iastate.edu/agdm/wholefarm/html/c2-90.html

INRC. 2020. Iowa Nutrient Reduction Strategy 2018-19 Annual Progress Report. Available from https://store.extension.iastate.edu/product/15915

Iowa PBS. 2018. Comparison of Two Watersheds. Available from http://www.iowapbs.org/iowalandandsky/story/31804/comparison-two-watersheds 

NRCS. n.d. NRCS Iowa Home Page. Available from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/ia/home/

Watershed Organization Research

This week, I elected to explore in depth Polk County Conservation. From previous research, I noticed how much they are doing within the central Des Moines area and wanted to highlight the projects they have going on. I have included a slideshow below with my findings.

Comparative Land Use within the Fourmile Creek Watershed

When considering the watershed as a whole, it is necessary to understand and evaluate the various land uses within to appropriately understand what influences a use may have on the system. Additionally, this will guide us on what metrics we need to obtain to evaluate the watershed and to help us better identify the response to issues pertaining to the watershed. Below I have put together a slideshow that discusses the various land uses with the Fourmile Creek Watershed.

Iowa Flood Information System (IFIS)

 As second part of my previous post on Flood Data for Iowa, I came across the Iowa Flood Information System - IFIS.

This website seems like a one-stop shop for all things weather/flood related for Iowa. It's a more succinct version of what the USGS offers and the user interface seems to be better. You can explore flood inundation maps, flood conditions and forecasts, traffic conditions, a time-adjustable flood risk calculator, rainfall frequencies, weather data, and soil moisture gauges, among a host of other features. They have a downloadable mobile app - download here. 

It seems like a great mobile app to have if you live/work in Iowa and have concerns about flooding/water levels.

Central Iowa flood of 2018

In June of 2018, Central Iowa observed a major flash flood event caused by a storm system that dumped anywhere from 5" to 10" of rain overnight on June 30. The result yielded highly flood creeks, some creeks were destroyed and record water levels were observed in Fourmile and Walnut Creeks (NWS 2018). Flooding caused a water main break, forcing some residents to boil water before using and had residents kayaking through neighborhoods (Des Moines Register 2018a). The boil order was lifted for most residents after locating the break, but some still fell within the order. One duplex townhome actually exploded (Des Moines Register 2018b). No one was harmed in the explosion, but they did narrowly escape.

The same could not be said for 'local legend' Larry Cotlar. Cotlar was an announcer for Drake's basketball team for over 10 years as well as for the Iowa Barnstorms, a professional indoor football team located in Des Moines (We are Iowa 2019).

A twitter feed dedicated to these events can be found here: Des Moines/Ankeny Catastrophic Flash Flooding. Many photos and videos are embedded within that feed.

Below is an aerial video taken 

What has the response been:

After the floods, the follow actions were taken (We are Iowa 2019):

A 1% increase in sales tax was imposed in Polk County. The first 50% was dedicated to property tax relief, and the remaining 50% was dedicated to upgrading infrastructure.

Concrete boxes have been buried beneath the street to help delay storm surges, allowing sewers to catch up with the heavy water flow.

100 homes were identified as being eligible for a flood plain buyout at 110% of their home value. 80 of the 100 homeowners agreed to the buyout.

Here is another video of a neighborhood - St. James Place in Ankeny that borders Fourmile Creek. This youtube channel recorded footage of the creek a week prior to the flooding. 

1. NWS. 2018. June 30, 2018 Central Iowa Major Flash Flood Event. Available from https://www.weather.gov/dmx/20180630_EpicFlashFlood

2. Des Moines Register. 2018a. Ankeny water main break located; most of the city's boil order canceled. Available from https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/weather/2018/07/01/iowa-flooding-ankeny-under-boil-order-after-major-water-main-break-des-moines-weather-forecast/748927002/

3.Des Moines Register. 2018b. Urbandale couple escapes death in flash flood: 'Next thing I know, we were underwater'. Available from https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/2018/07/01/des-moines-flooding-urbandale-couple-survives-flood-drowning-home-explosion/749441002/

4. We Are Iowa. 2019. Floods of 2018: Lessons Learned. Available from https://www.weareiowa.com/article/news/local/floods-of-2018-lessons-learned/524-504911b7-e5fa-4d4c-a1e8-f681b981778c

Exploring Flood and Drought Data of the Watershed

Using the Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service from the National Weather Service anyone can look at various information pertaining to a watershed.

The Fourmile Creek Watershed has 7 gauges available to explore (Figure 1)

(All images from https://water.weather.gov/ahps/). 

The symbology of the gauges within the stream indicate:

    6 of the 7 gauges do not have forecasts or probability data available
    5 of the 7 gauges do not have a defined flood category
    1 of the 7 gauges does not have current data available.

Figure 1. Stream gauges within the Fourmile Creek Watershed

Figure 2. Fourmile Creek at Easton Blvd. detailed flood stage information

In Figure 2, a Flood Stage Level of 12.5 feet. Upon double clicking the stream gauge, the image is enlarged and I am given numerous other features to explore. This stream gauge status is updated by past precipitation data as well as forecasted precipitation within 24 hours. I was also able to find more information about multiple flood stage levels (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Scale to Flood categories at Easton Blvd. in the Fourmile Creek Watershed

In 2018, this stream crested at 17.51 feet, the highest on record for this location. There is an option to turn on a FEMA flood layer (Figure 4). When I change the basemap, you can see how the flood plain overlaps with residential neighbhorhoods. Taking this one step further, I looked at the next upstream gauge. While this gauge doesn't have up-to-date forecast data, it's important to note that many agricultural lands are within the floodplain. As such, Polk County Conservation has begun purchasing land from homeowners (both residential and agricultural lands) to restore flood plains and stream channels to their natural channels. One of the main considerations for purchasing lands is to increase storm water management efforts, reducing the effects of erosion and flood waters.

Figure 4. FEMA National Flood Hazard Layer

Figure 5. FEMA National Flood Hazard Layer with Satellite Imagery Basemap

As I stated above, flooding in Fourmile Creek reached an all time high in 2018. During this period, a major flash flood event occurred as a result of thunderstorms stalling out over central Iowa, resulting in 5-10 inches of rain, streams flooding over their banks, and record water levels in both Fourmile Creek and Walnut Creek. A follow-up post will go over this event in depth.

Dendrology of the Fourmile Creek Watershed

Here, I've created a slideshow of the most common trees within the watershed that I came across while visiting the area in September of 2020. I biked a 15 mile loop from Copper Creek Lake Park along the Chichaqua Valley Trail to Mally's Weh-Weh-Neh-Kee Park. Weh-Weh-Neh-Kee is a Meskwaki people term for 'a good place'. The Meskwaki people inhabited Iowa in the mid-1800s. For more information on this tribe, you can visit their website. Fourmile Creek bordered the Chichaqua Valley Trail for a good portion of the 15 mile ride.

 

The image on the left is from my starting point (Copper Creek Lake Park, bottom) to Mally's (top). The image on the right shows a zoomed in section of the trail. Here you can see where Fourmile Creek butts right up against the trail.

Anyway, without further ado, here's my presentation: